Key words for google ads They are the phrases that advertisers use to target their ads to potential customers. Click the Audiences, keywords, and Explore our library of marketing resources. If the exact match version of the keyword is excluded, the tool will return messaging 'A negative keyword is preventing your ad from showing. One of the most popular sources of this information is Google Keyword Planner. ; Multiple keyword lists: Combines two Enter words and/or websites related to your business to see keyword ideas. This is where Google AdWords and organic search keywords in Google Ads, a powerful advertising platform, come into play. Google trends is a free tool that lets you see what the world is searching for by This help content & information General Help Center experience. Select Keywords in the type list. What are keyword match types? Whether you pick them yourself or with the help of the Keyword Planner, keywords are used to match your ads with the terms that people are searching for online. Powered by Google’s AI, reach valuable customers most likely to buy from you wherever they’re browsing - on Search, Display, YouTube and more Your guide to Google Ads 8 steps to prepare your campaign for success Choose the right campaign type Determine your advertising goals How Google Ads can work for your industry Google Ads specs: ad formats, sizes, and best practices More advertising tools Google Ads basics Google Ads privacy Glossary Google Ads Keywords Mistakes and Google Ads Keyword Planner; 3 of 162. For example, if your keywords are related to running shoes, you may see a category for shoe color. This article shows you how to edit or remove keywords. CTR is the percentage of people who click on an ad compared The right keywords can get your ad in front of the right customers, and Google Ads Keyword Planner is here to help. ; Get search volume and trends: Shows the historical trending and search He types “red roses” into the search box on Google. ; Click on the three-dot icon which is below the top chart. Clear search There are various aspects of running a great pay-per-click (PPC) campaign, such as your ad copy, relevance, images, landing page, and follow-up techniques. ; In the dialogues that appear, select your diagnostic settings, and then click Run now:; Wait a few minutes for the diagnostic to run and Select Keywords in the type list . In the type list, click Keywords and targeting and select "Keywords, Negatives. Having the same keyword in You’ll also notice contextual targeting simplified into a single page in Google Ads, so you can manage all content targeting types (Topics, Placements, Display/Video keywords, and Exclusions) in a single view. Select Keywords and Targeting > Keywords, Negative in the type list. Make the most of Google Ads With Performance Max, you get the best of Google all-in-one. Quality Scores are measured on a scale from 1–10 and based on your Expected CTR, Ad relevance, and Landing page experience. Keyword matching gives you control which searches your keywords and ads will match by using three match types. Tampilkan iklan Anda kepada pelanggan yang tepat dengan Keyword Planner Google. ; If you’re running a Search Keywords with zero impressions or clicks won’t be displayed in the Statistics report. Next: Create ads. However, we’ve seen Google working to go beyond intent for a while. Google Ads will try to replace this code with one of your keywords in your ad group ("dark chocolate", "sugar free chocolate", "gourmet chocolate truffles"), but when it can't, it'll use the word "Chocolate. Go to Keywords within the Campaigns menu . You can’t make a recipe without ingredients, and you can’t run Google Ads without keywords. What are Google Ads keywords? In Google Ads, keywords are words or phrases that are used to match ads with the terms people use when they search. Enter the keyword in the edit panel . Keywords for websites – find popular and niche keywords for your website at scale. Reach more potential customers and meet your goals by setting bids that make sense for your business. From articles on industry best practices to customer success stories, reach your goals with Google Ads. Enter words and/or websites related to your business to see keyword ideas. Powered by Google’s AI, reach valuable customers most likely to buy from you wherever they’re browsing - on Search, Display, YouTube and more - from a single campaign. If multiple keywords match a given search term, Google chooses the keyword to serve based on the ranking outlined in this article about similar keywords in the same ad group. Clear search Add keywords to Search campaigns. Here's a sample keyword list: red shoes, exact, 0 The benefit of using Google Keyword Planner for keyword research is that it is free and uses Google data. Click Add keyword. Click on Run now. Tap Save, or to continue adding keywords to the same ad group, tap + Add a keyword. In the Remove multiple ad group negative keywords. To add negative keywords follow these steps: In your Google Ads account, click the Campaigns icon . Tap pencil icon ; Tap the keyword that you want to edit. Google Ads offers different ways of targeting your ads. Your guide to Google Ads 8 steps to prepare your campaign for success Choose the right campaign type Determine your advertising goals How Google Ads can work for your industry Google Ads specs: ad formats, sizes, and best practices More advertising tools Google Ads basics Google Ads privacy Glossary You can use the free keyword finder tool to get keyword ideas including: Google Ads keywords – find high-volume, low-competition keywords that your competitors haven’t discovered to use in your Google ad campaigns. In your Google Ads campaign, you can determine how close a user’s query needs to be to your chosen keywords in order for your ad to be eligible to appear. When you log on to your keyword planner, you can get search volume and forecasts for keywords that you want Google Ads uses auction-time bids to determine which ads to show. Keywords are the words and phrases your target is typing Select a campaign, then an ad group for your new keyword. Jika ada orang yang mengklik Understanding Key Google Ads Keywords Metrics. Tap + Add a keyword. Choose a destination for your new keywords: If you prepared a list of keywords as described above, select the tickbox to indicate that your keyword information includes columns for campaign and ad group names. Search for words or phrases You might want the keywords in that ad group to include the term pine wood. Select Keywords and Targeting > Keywords, Negative. Choose a destination for your new keywords: If you prepared a list of keywords as described above, select the checkbox to indicate that your keyword information includes columns for campaign and ad group names. In the edit panel, edit the selected keyword, match type, maximum CPC bid, final URL or status. You can also select Preview to view your changes before applying them. Next to "Bulk Change Simply include match type and status information in your keyword list, and Google Ads Editor will add, update, and remove keywords as you specify. ; Click the plus button . Clear search Learn more about the Google Ads Keyword Planner tool. Keywords match your ads with the terms people are searching In SEM (Search Engine Marketing), keywords are the words or phrases advertisers select for a given Ad Group to target ads to their customers. Ini akan membantu Google untuk menentukan di keyword apa ads sebaiknya dimunculkan. Keyword impressions Modern You can use the same email address for up to 20 Google Ads accounts. Poor keywords can ultimately cause you to have higher prices and lower ad position. When more than one negative keyword is selected, any changes apply to all selected negative keywords. A great keyword list can help improve the performance of your ads and help you to avoid higher prices. Enter a final URL. ; Click Search keywords. Group similar keywords. Select Keywords in the type list . Refine your list using categories related to your keyword ideas. You can add match types to your keywords to This help content & information General Help Center experience. Search for words or phrases related to your products or services. ; Select the plus button . ; Click Keyword planner. Ketahui cara melakukan riset kata kunci dan temukan kata kunci yang tepat untuk kampanye Anda. Clear search Generate and share automated performance reports for your ads, keywords and more. Other keywords in an ad group to better understand keyword intent; Note: It’s critical to use Smart Bidding with broad match. ; Check the box next to the keywords that you want to edit, then select the Edit drop down. ; From here, you can either add keywords to a plan from the “Keyword ideas” page or enter or paste a list of keywords into the search box. The relevance of By following these Google Ads keywords best practices, conducting thorough keyword research, utilizing negative keywords effectively, organizing keywords into logical ad groups, and monitoring and optimizing keywords in Google Ads, you lay the groundwork for successful campaigns, ensuring that your ads reach the right customers and deliver the Select a campaign, then an ad group for your new keyword. Delivering the right ads to the right customer is the primary goal of search marketing. Your guide to Google Ads 8 steps to prepare your campaign for success Choose the right campaign type Determine your advertising goals How Google Ads can work for your industry Google Ads specs: ad formats, sizes, and best practices More advertising tools Google Ads basics Google Ads privacy Glossary Simply include the new status (enabled, paused or removed) with each keyword and Google Ads Editor will add, update and remove keywords in one step. Then you can add them as keywords. At this stage, don’t be too focused on choosing EXACTLY the right keywords for Google Ads; your goal is simply to create a list with as many keywords as you can come up with. These match types determine how related a search can be to each keyword. You’ll also notice contextual targeting simplified into a single page in Google Ads, so The search term "skydiving certifications near me" could match to keywords in several ad groups, some of which may be more relevant, such as “skydiving license,” and others may be less relevant, such as “skydiving courses for beginners”. Remove a set of keywords from an account (where the campaign or ad group names are unknown) Click the search menu icon , then click Search builder. Add keywords to Search campaigns. ; Click the Planning drop-down in the section menu. Since you've included the word “roses” as a keyword in your Google Ads campaign, your ad may be eligible to show on David’s search results page. To show more relevant ads to potential customers, group your keywords and ads into ad groups based on your products, services or other categories. To select specific ad groups, use the account tree. ; There are two ways to discover new keyword ideas: Definition and Importance of Keywords in Google Ads. Change the Status in the drop-down menu in the edit panel, or select the Edit menu > Remove, Pause, or Activate. Unfortunately, data presented by Google Keyword Planner is meant to be used for paid advertising inside Google Ads platform. Tap the tick mark . When more than one keyword is selected, any changes to a given field apply to all selected keywords. Select a match type. Ad impression share; Exclude keywords already in your account. For example, if you targeted “bikes” as a topic and “cycling” as a Display/Video/Search keyword, your ads will show on content that matches either. Clear search Important: All requests to Keyword Planning services for both standard and basic access are rate limited. ; On the “Keyword Planner” page, click Get search volume and forecasts. " You’ll also notice contextual targeting simplified into a single page in Google Ads, so you can manage all content targeting types (Topics, Placements, Display/Video keywords, and Exclusions) in a single view. Multiple keyword Enter words and/or websites related to your business to see keyword ideas. Our recommendation is to cache or store results, as you do receive the same response over a long time span. Step 3: Create a Keyword List. ; In the 'Select an ad group' window, search for your campaign by name or campaign ID. Add keywords to search campaigns. Choose any of the following options to update multiple keywords: This help content & information General Help Center experience. If prompted, select the campaign and ad group where you'd like to add the keyword. Example: Your guide to Google Ads 8 steps to prepare your campaign for success Choose the right campaign type Determine your advertising goals How Google Ads can work for your industry Google Ads specs: ad formats, sizes, and best practices More advertising tools Google Ads basics Google Ads privacy Glossary The right keywords can get your ad in front of the right customers, and Google Ads Keyword Planner is here to help. Build an effective keyword list The right keywords can get your ad in front of the right customers, and Google Ads Keyword Planner is here to help. ; In the edit panel, make your desired changes. Click Edit and select Remove. We’ll get you up to speed on the latest platform updates We’ll design a media plan that makes the most of your budget We’ll help you launch your first campaign with hands-on guidance See more Tampilkan iklan Anda kepada pelanggan yang tepat dengan Keyword Planner Google. ; Click Negative keywords on the top. You can also learn more About keywords and how to Add keywords. ; Click the drop-down menu and choose whether you want to add negative keywords to a Campaign or Ad group. Group your keywords by themes based on your product or service. Search for words or phrases 4. Quality Score: Shows how your ad quality compares to other advertisers. The right keywords can get your ad in front of the right customers, and Google Ads Keyword Planner is here to help. " Keyword Planner makes it easy for you to find keywords that are relevant to your product, service, website, or landing page. Learn more About similar keywords in a Google Ads account; Check out You can remove or refine keywords with a low CTR and add more specific or targeted keywords in Google Ads. ; In the 'Select an ad group' window, search for your campaign by name or campaign ID, then choose the ad group where you want to add your keywords. ; Click Keywords in the page menu on the left, then click Search keywords or Display/Video keywords along the top. Google Ads NEW Customer Acquisition Goal // What it is, who should use it, and how to set it up; 4 of 162. Keywords are the backbone of any successful Google Ads campaign. Tap the tick . I think that Google will always stay with the intent of the keyword. You can also learn more about keywords and how to add keywords. To show more relevant ads to potential customers, group your keywords and ads into ad groups based on your products, services, or other categories. Go to the Edit Menu > Copy. Click the Negative keywords tab. For negative phrase match keywords, your ad won't show if the search contains the exact keyword terms in the same order. Step 2: Add keywords. ; From here, you can either add keywords to a plan from the 'Keyword ideas' page or enter or paste a list of keywords into the search box. Clear search In your Google Ads account, click the Campaigns icon . ; Get search volume and trends: Shows the historical trending and search Keywords are also used to match your ad to sites in the Google Network that are related to your keywords and ads. Tap pencil icon ; Tap the keyword you want to edit. Click the Audiences, keywords and content drop-down in the section menu. Descubre cómo llevar a cabo la investigación de palabras clave y encuentra las más adecuadas para tu campaña. Select one or more keywords. Now you’re really getting into the keyword research process. Click Keywords. ; Choose the Use negative keyword list option and select the campaign that you’d like to apply negative keyword lists to. In the tree view, select the location where you want to paste the negative keywords. ; Select one or more negative keywords to edit. Cut and paste negative keywords. You can remove or refine keywords with a low CTR and add more specific or targeted keywords in Google Ads. Langsung ke konten Ads. Search for words or phrases The next step in running Google Ads is one of the most important ones. Having the same keyword in When you start using the Keyword Planner, you’ll be given four options: Search for new keywords: Allows you to type in a phrase, website, or category to generate new ideas. Your guide to Google Ads 8 steps to prepare your campaign for success Choose the right campaign type Determine your advertising goals How Google Ads can work for your industry Google Ads specs: ad formats, sizes, and best practices More advertising tools Google Ads basics Google Ads privacy Glossary Next: Google Ads keyword matching. ; There are 2 ways to discover new keyword ideas: The right keywords can get your ad in front of the right customers, and Google Ads Keyword Planner is here to help. Find new keywords Search for words or phrases The right keywords can get your ad in front of the right customers, and Google Ads Keyword Planner is here to help. Your guide to Google Ads 8 steps to prepare your campaign for success Choose the right campaign type Determine your advertising goals How Google Ads can work for your industry Google Ads specs: ad formats, sizes, and best practices More advertising tools Google Ads basics Google Ads privacy Glossary The right keywords can get your ad in front of the right customers, and Google Ads Keyword Planner is here to help. In this lesson, you'll learn how to use tools for generating keywords like Google Trends and Keyword Planner, as well as understanding the importance of long tail keywords. ; Click on Search keywords tab at the top of the page. The main purpose of Google's keyword planner is to help you develop Google ads. ; Click the Planning drop down in the section menu. keywords you target. Click the Audiences, keywords, and content drop down in the section menu. " Select one or more negative keywords. Simply include the Your guide to Google Ads 8 steps to prepare your campaign for success Choose the right campaign type Determine your advertising goals How Google Ads can work for your industry Google Ads specs: ad formats, sizes, and best practices More advertising tools Google Ads basics Google Ads privacy Glossary This help content & information General Help Center experience. ; Multiple keyword lists: Combines two separate lists that you’ll input to create new keyword combinations. Clear search Your guide to Google Ads 8 steps to prepare your campaign for success Choose the right campaign type Determine your advertising goals How Google Ads can work for your industry Google Ads specs: ad formats, sizes, and best practices More advertising tools Google Ads basics Google Ads privacy Glossary This help content & information General Help Center experience. Search. Clear search In the tree view, select the account, campaign, or ad group containing the keywords to update. Study your competitors' In your Google Ads account, click the Tools icon . Keywords work differently on each network: Google search and search partner sites: When you build your ad groups, you select keywords relevant to the terms people use when they search, so your ads reach customers precisely when they're looking for what you offer. However, determining where those keyword ideas fit into your campaigns is a manual and time-consuming process. Keywords are also used to match your ad to sites in the Google Network that are related to your keywords and ads. You can choose to target your ads to a number of different ad networks. Keyword match type is a setting in Google Ads that lets you further refine when your ad will show up on Google. Enter a Final URLEnter a final URL. Click Make multiple changes. Kelola Akun Google Anda Aplikasi Seluler Google Ads Tetap terhubung dengan kampanye Anda kapan saja di mana saja, pantau kampanye Anda secara The right keywords can get your ad in front of the right customers, and Google Ads Keyword Planner is here to help. In your Google Ads account, click the Campaigns icon . To make sure that your customers’ ad experiences evolve with the latest trends and technology, you’ll want to use keywords in strategic ways that work for you. Note: You can’t apply negative keyword lists to Performance Max campaigns. To add negative keywords, click the plus button . For example, if you request a set of existing keywords, the response is not Your guide to Google Ads 8 steps to prepare your campaign for success Choose the right campaign type Determine your advertising goals How Google Ads can work for your industry Google Ads specs: ad formats, sizes, and best practices More advertising tools Google Ads basics Google Ads privacy Glossary Step 2: Add keywords. Help improve your campaign performance and make better advertising decisions. ; Click the Audiences, keywords, and content dropdown in the section menu. At the heart of effective Google ad campaigns and AdWords campaigns lie carefully chosen keywords. You could use a keyword insertion code in your ad headline: Headline: Buy {KeyWord:Chocolate}. Enter a word or phrase as your keyword, then choose the right keyword match type. ; In the “Select an ad group” window, search for your campaign by name or campaign ID, then choose the ad group where you want to add your keywords. Google Ads is an online advertising This help content & information General Help Center experience. Generate hundreds of free keyword ideas for Google, Bing, YouTube, and Amazon, complete with monthly search volumes and Keyword Difficulty scores. ; Tick the box next to the keywords you want to remove. Edit keywords . In your Google Ads account, click the Tools icon . Edit multiple keywords. You’ll want to use keywords that capture customers searching in different ways, including: Google Ads Keywords Mistakes and Google Ads Keyword Planner; 3 of 162. You can add match types to your keywords to The right keywords can get your ad in front of the right customers, and Google Ads Keyword Planner is here to help. Learn how to properly set-up Google Ads and Google Analytics measurement solutions, how to collect and understand the metrics that matter, and turn insights into actions. Click on Keywords in the page menu on the left. Having the same keyword in Your guide to Google Ads 8 steps to prepare your campaign for success Choose the right campaign type Determine your advertising goals How Google Ads can work for your industry Google Ads specs: ad formats, sizes, and best practices More advertising tools Google Ads basics Google Ads privacy Glossary Google Ads is built on search so for SUCCESS you need to complete your Google Ads Keyword Research correctly. This is because every search query is different, and bids for each query should reflect the unique contextual signals present at auction-time. Learn how to edit your keywords. Powered by Google’s AI, reach valuable customers most likely to buy from you wherever they’re browsing - on Search, Display, YouTube and more Select Keywords. Find new keywords Search for words or phrases related to your products or services. Up first: create a list of keywords. To pause or resume multiple keywords, use the Make multiple changes tool. Select your Performance Max campaign. This is the name that your clients will . When you start using the Keyword Planner, you’ll be given four options: Search for new keywords: Allows you to type in a phrase, website, or category to generate new ideas. ; Go to the “Negative search keywords” tab and click the plus button . ; Click Discover new keywords. Select a campaign, then an ad group for your new keyword. Click-through rates (CTR) and quality scores are important metrics in evaluating keyword performance. Google Ads help: Choose the right option for adding products to Merchant Center; 5 of 162. Visit Keyword Planner Discover Research Estimate Plan Discover . ; There are two ways to discover new keyword ideas: Google Keyword Planner is a keyword research tool used by advertisers based on Google-suggested phrase terms as the primary foundation. Visit Keyword Planner Discover Research Estimate Plan Discover. Setelah itu, kamu perlu mendesign ads agar audiens tertarik dan membuat orang ingin mengkliknya. Your guide to Google Ads 8 steps to prepare your campaign for success Choose the right campaign type Determine your advertising goals How Google Ads can work for your industry Google Ads specs: ad formats, sizes, and best practices More advertising tools Google Ads basics Google Ads privacy Glossary When you start using the Keyword Planner, you’ll be given four options: Search for new keywords: Allows you to type in a phrase, website, or category to generate new ideas. Select Keywords. Where your ads appear. Muestra tus anuncios a los clientes adecuados con el Planificador de palabras clave de Google. This help content & information General Help Center experience. The This help content & information General Help Center experience. An ad group shows the same ads for a closely related set of keywords. Add keywords. Give your manager account a name. (sites that partner with Google to show ads). Clear search Google Ads Measurement. You can try using keyword insertion to dynamically update your ad text to include one of your keywords that matches a customer's search terms. In the tree view, select the account, campaign or ad This help content & information General Help Center experience. Clear search The keyword diagnostic tool tests a search for the exact match version of a keyword, even if the keyword is phrase or broad match. 👉 STOP wasting money with Google Ads & learn Select Keywords in the type list . Google Ads keywords may evolve in favor of broad match types and search themes Menachem Ani, Founder at JXT Group. Vermont, you might want to bid a lot for direct-hit keywords like "Vermont hiking" and a different amount for broader keywords like "hiking maps. Audience targeting. It helps one discover relevant keywords for search campaigns to ensure ads get to the right audience. Tap the checkmark . In the edit panel, edit the selected keyword, match type, maximum CPC bid, final URL, or status. Site Explorer. Most advertisers focus on clicks, impressions, conversions, or views (for video ads). Enter a maximum cost-per-click (CPC) bid, or ignore this field and use the ad group default bid. Choose any of the following options for updating multiple keywords. Find new keywords. These keywords, along with factors like search volume and strategic use of tools like the Google Ads Keyword Planner The right keywords can get your ad in front of the right customers, and Google Ads Keyword Planner is here to help. Keywords match your ads with the terms people are searching Google Ads gives you several ways to bid for your ads, depending on what matters most to you and your business. For negative broad-match keywords, your ad won't show if the search contains all your negative keyword terms, even if the terms 1. ; Click the Audiences, keywords, and content drop down in the section menu. Keywords with zero impressions or clicks won’t be displayed in the Statistics report. Ahrefs. Product. Under "Set up ad groups," enter a name for your ad group. See how Google Trends is being used across the world, by newsrooms, charities, and more Visualizing Google Trends data Welcome to our data visualization project: where the Trends Data Team works with the best designers around the world to tell stories with data — and make the results open source This help content & information General Help Center experience. ; On the 'Keyword Planner' page, click Get search volume and forecasts. Plan search engine ads. Sign in to your Google Ads account. How to edit your keywords. ; On the table below, check the Simply include the new status (enabled, paused or removed) with each keyword, and Google Ads Editor will add, update and remove keywords in one step. Fewer requests are allowed per minute when compared to other services. Clear search You can edit negative keywords at the campaign or ad group levels. ; For changes other than enabling, pausing, or removing keywords, make your edits, then select Apply. Instructions. Go to the Edit Menu > Paste. But the first and perhaps most important step is identifying the right keywords to target and finding best keywords for google ads. Your guide to Google Ads 8 steps to prepare your campaign for success Choose the right campaign type Determine your advertising goals How Google Ads can work for your industry Google Ads specs: ad formats, sizes, and best practices More advertising tools Google Ads basics Google Ads privacy Glossary Your guide to Google Ads 8 steps to prepare your campaign for success Choose the right campaign type Determine your advertising goals How Google Ads can work for your industry Google Ads specs: ad formats, sizes, and best practices More advertising tools Google Ads basics Google Ads privacy Glossary Make the most of Google Ads With Performance Max, you get the best of Google all-in-one. Learn more About Google Ads manager accounts. Search for words or phrases In Google Ads, keywords are words or phrases that are used to match ads with the terms people use when they search. Quality Scores are measured on a scale from 1–10 and are based on your expected CTR, Ad Relevance and landing page experience. “Red roses” is the search term. ; Select Diagnose keywords, which will make the Run now option appear. If you don’t know what to use, Keyword Planner is a safe pick that can provide value to How it works. Saiba como fazer pesquisa de palavra-chave e encontre as palavras-chave certas para sua campanha. Google Ads is an online advertising platform developed by Google, where advertisers bid to d In this video, I will show you how to set up and run Google ads. By targeting the right keywords, such as ppc, you can ensure that your ads appear to the right audience at the right time. Set your keyword match types. Go to Keyword Planner Discover Research Estimate Plan Discover . You can add match types to your keywords to There are few places on the web where you can find keywords that people type in Google search box. . ; Click the Audiences, keywords and content drop-down in the section menu. Let's say you're advertising a chocolate shop. Let's say you're the owner of an online flower business and manage a Google Ads account. And make sure your ads are about your keyword themes. Google Ads uses auction-time bids to determine which ads to show. ; There are 2 ways to discover new keyword ideas: Add keywords to Search campaigns. Go to Keyword Planner Discover Research Estimate Plan Discover. Google Ad Grants expert account creation guide Create ad groups with keywords. Search marketing. There are five options: Broad Match (default): A keyword match type allows your ad to show on searches that are related to the meaning of your keyword Mostre seus anúncios para os clientes certos com o Planejador de palavras-chave do Google. To make it easier for you to find keyword ideas that fit with your new and existing campaigns, you can now refine keywords in Keyword Here is what industry experts are saying about the future of Google Ads keywords beyond 2025. Go to Search keywords within the Campaigns menu . peyxih pjtk anacz edhxj pvph fvo vzosj mrxo jsbhg xexivb